Introduction Pakistan Business Review (PBR) is the premier journal of Institute of Business Management (IoBM) which has been in continuous publication since April 1999. It is Pakistan’s first refereed academic research quarterly focused on areas related to business and industry. PBR is an HEC approved Y category journal. It is abstracted and indexed by the American Economic Association’s EconLit, the Journal of Economic Literature, USA, and EBSCO, New York. It is supervised by an international advisory board of academics from national and international organizations such as the London School of Economics, the University of Sussex, the University of San Diego and Indiana University, USA, Bochun University, Germany, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the International Association for Clean Technology, Austria. International advisory board members are also drawn from China, Spain, Columbia, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Lithuania, and Nepal. The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, the Applied Economic Research Centre, the University of Karachi and the Aga Khan University faculty are also represented on the board. Scope & Mission PBR encourages research in areas related to business and industry through quality articles. It is a double blind peer-reviewed journal edited by IoBM, Karachi, Pakistan. The journal is an academic resource for research articles and research based case studies in areas such as strategy, marketing, management, human resource management, finance, accounting, business ethics, entrepreneurship, economics, business psychology, social marketing, business analytics and other related functional areas. It provides a platform to academics and researchers for sharing their original and unpublished work globally. EDITORIAL BOARD PATRON Mr. Talib Syed Karim FOUNDING EDITOR Mrs. Sabina Mohsin CHIEF EDITOR Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kashif EDITOR Dr. Arsalan Haneef Malik MANAGING EDITOR Mr. Shuaib Ahmed ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr. Abdur Rahman Aleemi (Finance) Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bashir (Marketing) Dr. Muhammad Azeem Qureshi (HR/ Management) Dr. Nayeem Ul Hassan Ansari (Finance) EDITORIAL STAFF Mr. Muhammad Naveed Khan (Editorial Assistant) EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD INDEXING & ABSTRACTING Instructions/Guidelines for AuthorsCall for Papers REVIEW & PUBLICATION POLICY All research articles published in PBR go through an initial editor screening followed by a rigorous double-blind peer review by three referees. Articles of PBR are available online through the Journal Management System. The process of submission, editing, refereeing, review and correspondence with authors is also online through the Journal Management System. CONTACT US Editor PBR Institute of Business Management (IoBM), Korangi Creek, Karachi-75190, Pakistan UAN: (+92-21) 111 002 004 Email: editorpbr@iobm.edu.pk Website: pbr.iobm.edu.pk