Abstract

Most of the pathogens have developed the ability to combat advanced antimicrobial agents, which has caused bacterial infections to become complicated to treat. It may occur when microorganisms such as fungi, parasites, and bacteria change their behavior against conventional antimicrobial agents. Some bacteria are intrinsically resistant to some of the antimicrobial agents; if not, they may become resistant by de novo mutations or by acquiring some resistant genes. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global issue because it may spread worldwide through trade, travel, migration, and healthcare facilities. AMR has been associated with adverse consequences in the context of invasive infections, including escalated hospital costs, heightened mortality rates, and prolonged hospital stays. In the case of disturbing normal flora of the intestine, serious and incurable health problems and sometimes death also occur. To combat this rising havoc, many emerging approaches are being considered to combat AMR. Some of these include one health approach, phage therapy, nanoparticles, medicinal plants and metals. This review article discusses the leading causes of AMR and its economic impact and employs emerging approaches as an effective way to treat AMR.