Abstract

Background: Environmental and Occupational toxicology are important disciplines of public health services focused on identifying and mitigating the toxic effects of exposure to various biological and chemical agents present in the environment and workplaces. Integration of multiple factors such as the Dose-response relationship, exposure assessment, toxidromes, toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic help to assess the health care risk and to develop regulatory guidelines for the protection of public health.
Objective: This review focuses on the various applications of toxicology and the methods and principles utilized during toxicological evaluation such as exposure assessment, disease prevention and biomonitoring. This article will also deal with various case studies that help to understand the mechanism of toxicological interaction and approaches to minimize the associated hazards. These case studies will help in designing a regulatory framework and identifying new trends that can help combat the historical and modern-day challenges in risk assessment and management through advanced toxicological research.
Methodology: Several articles from literary sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cockrane Library were studied with a major focus on studies conducted between the 20th century i.e. from 2000-2024.
Conclusion: The detailed literature review enables us to draw multidisciplinary approaches to reduce the toxic effects of chemicals produced from industrial and environmental exposure. The conclusions drawn are more relevant to ongoing challenges in occupational and environmental health. Real-world case scenarios like Asbestos exposure, pesticide exposure, the Flint water crisis etc. helped to draw practical conclusions keeping in mind the Modern-day toxicological challenges such as Nanotoxicology and climate change.