Abstract

Background: Family planning is a cornerstone of reproductive health, contributing significantly to improved maternal and child health outcomes. In Pakistan, where high population growth, limited healthcare infrastructure, and socio-cultural barriers persist, the role of family planning is pivotal in reducing maternal and infant mortality, enhancing birth spacing, and improving overall health indicators. Despite its importance, challenges such as gender inequality, socio-religious norms, and inadequate healthcare services limit its adoption and effectiveness.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of family planning on maternal and child health outcomes in Pakistan, including contraceptive use, maternal and infant mortality, birth spacing, and childhood illnesses.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, alongside manual reference searches. Studies conducted in Pakistan, published in English, and focusing on family planning's impact on maternal and child health outcomes were included. Data extraction encompassed study characteristics, family planning interventions, maternal and child health outcomes, and key findings. Quality assessment tools such as the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool were employed to evaluate methodological rigor. Data synthesis was performed narratively, and meta-analysis was conducted where feasible to summarize quantitative findings.
Results: Family planning interventions demonstrated significant benefits, including reductions in maternal and infant mortality, healthier birth spacing, and lower rates of childhood illnesses. Contraceptive use improved maternal health outcomes by preventing high-risk pregnancies and reducing complications. However, socio-cultural barriers, limited healthcare access, and unmet contraceptive needs were identified as persistent challenges.
Conclusion: Family planning has a transformative impact on maternal and child health outcomes in Pakistan. Addressing socio-cultural and healthcare system barriers through integrated strategies and evidence-based policies can enhance its adoption, contributing to improved health and well-being for families nationwide.