Abstract

Background: Hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are among the most widespread chronic conditions globally, with a notable rise in prevalence in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh. Smoking and addiction are known to significantly worsen these conditions, contributing to higher rates of morbidity and complications. This study examines the prevalence and effects of smoking and addiction among hypertensive patients with known diabetes mellitus in Sindh, Pakistan, aiming to inform targeted intervention strategies.
Objective: To explore the prevalence and impact of smoking and addiction among hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus in Sindh, Pakistan, in order to identify areas for improved management and intervention.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized, involving 381 participants from cities in Sindh, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Continuous variables were examined using frequency, mean, and standard deviation, with significance set at a P-value of 0.05.
Results: The study’s 381 participants included 50.39% females and 49.61% males, with a mean age of 51.75 years, showing a concentration of middle-aged and older adults. Smoking was prevalent in 70% of participants, while 30% were non-smokers. Addiction beyond smoking was reported by 28% of participants, whereas 72% reported no addiction. Socioeconomically, 69.29% of participants were in the middle class, 17.59% in the upper class, and 13.42% in the lower class.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of smoking among hypertensive diabetic patients in Sindh, Pakistan, highlights an urgent need for targeted smoking cessation programs. Although other forms of addiction were less common, prioritizing smoking cessation could be crucial for reducing complications and improving health outcomes in this population.